Functional-literary vocabulary book is a heterogeneous group of words differentiated by service function that words carry different styles of speech.
These include terms barbarisms, poeticisms, archaic words and literary neologisms. All these groups of words in use in different styles of speech acquired their own, specific stylistic characteristics. Since the terms used mainly in the style of scientific prose in English lexicography even called the “teaching of the Word» (scientificwords); poeticisms called so because mostly used in poetry; barbarisms and archaisms are also limited in the areas of use and acquire certain stylistic features.
Consider some of these groups, especially the vocabulary of the English language.
The functional literary and book lexicon important place layer that is generic name terms. As is known, the terms – words that represent emerging concepts associated with the development of science, technology and the arts. Terms largely devoid of emotional meaning, although they may in some cases, acquire a certain emotional text. In addition, the terms are characterized monosemantichnostyu. By their nature, they have a greater resistance to fouling process additional values.
The scope of use of the term – the style of scientific prose. However, we should not think that the terms are membership only this style of speech. They are widely used in other styles of speech, such as in newspapers and journalistic, in art, in official business and others. The appointment terms in other styles of speech is different from the one they have in the scientific literature. In the style of scientific prose terms used to describe new concepts resulting from research, experiments, and so on. D.
Use of terms in other styles of speech is already associated with a specific task statements. For example, medical terminology Cronin’s novel “TheCitadel”
It is used both to create the appropriate color, and for other purposes. The terms in this novel can be divided into two groups – terms well-known, widely used and terms unknown. By the well-known term refers such as cyst, typhoid, pneumonia. But the voice characteristics of heroes, especially when the conversation is in the range of specialists, the author introduces the unknown terms, the value of which is not clear to the reader. These terms are like nystagmys, abdominali t. D. Unknown terms the author explains, but not always. Thus, the term abdominalstanovitsya understandable to the reader, t. To. He belongs to the same disease, which was named cyst. The meaning of the word explains entericKronin typhoid. However, much wider than the author uses terms instead of speech, for example, beatknee, cutfingersi t. D.
In fiction, the terms that give a general idea about the facts of social, industrial, scientific, and others. Activities, which is described by the artist. These terms are not the result of logical, consecutive evidence. They serve here only as the characteristics of the phenomenon and provide a means to create the necessary color. For example:
There was a long conversation – a long wait. His father came back to say it was doubtful whether they could make the loan. Eight per cent, then being secured for money, was a small rate of interest, considering its need. For ten per cent Mr. Kugel might make a call-loan. Frank went back to his employer, whose commercial choler rose at the report.
(Th. Dreiser. The Financier.)
Slovacall-loan, loan isochetaniyato secure for money, rate of interest представляютсобойпочтиобщеизвестныефинансовыетермины. Anyway, their semantic structure is so transparent that does not require any additional explanation. Thus, the term call-loaneto a loan that must be repaid at the first request (call); rateofinteresti loanpochti determinizirovany and are terminological function only in a number of other financial terms.
Thus, if the terms in the scientific prose are the most common means of expression and scientific concepts are scientific and cognitive function, in prose, they have a special function, stylistic. Sometimes the term is used in works of art and as a means of voice characteristics of heroes. In this case, scientific and technical terms act as a conditional indirect methods to describe the environment, the situation, the interests of the characters work. It is significant that the reader to understand the text without even necessarily knowing the exact content of these terms. In some cases, specific terminology in direct speech heroes creates not only a portrait of the speech as a satirical effect. For example:
«What a fool Rawdon Crawley has been,» Clump replied, «to go and marry a governess! There was something about the girl, too. »
«Green eyes, fair skin, pretty figure, famous frontal development,» Squills remarked.
(W. M. Thackeray. Vanity
Fair
.)
medical term frontalv combination with the word developmentobrazuet here circumlocutory turnover euphemistic and satirical tone.
Such as the use of scientific terms from the field of genetics we find in Galsworthy’s novel “TheManofProperty”, where a young Jolyon, comparing the Forsyte family with the animal world, uses the terms deployed in metaphor.
«I should like,» said young Jolyon, «to lecture on it: Properties and quality of a Forsyte. This little animal, disturbed by the ridicule of his own sort, is unaffected in his motions by the laughter of strange creatures (you or I). Hereditarily disposed of myopia, he recognises only the persons and habitats of his own species, amongst which he passes an existence of competitive tranquillity? »
In this passage the appearance of the term in a satirical function caused by the metaphorical use of the verb tolecture.
The main condition of the stylistic use of the terms is a clear identification of terminological meanings. In other words, a prerequisite for the stylistic use of the term is its complete correlation with one and only one terminological nearby.
As is known, in the formation of the term, and his fate are two processes, a) the formation of a new term of commonly understood vocabulary of Latin and Greek morphemes, borrowing, and b) gradual determinologization, t. E. As is evident from the very designation process – the gradual loss of terminological meanings fouling beam derived values, undermining the solidity of its semantic structure. For example, it is known that the word atmosphere (livelyatmosphere), themissinglink (zoological term coined by Darwin to designate the kind, the transition tion from apes to man, also used to characterize people) determinologizirovalis. Words such as telephone, radio, electricityi m. P. Completely lost their color terminology.
In the history of the English language as we know, the sea is very easy terms determinologizirovalis. This phenomenon is associated with a particular history of the English people, its position as an island people and the place that shipping and navigation is generally held in the life of the English people. Some navigational terms so determinologizirovalis that are included in the general fund of the English language phrasebook.