In linguistics, often use the term: the expressive means of the language, expressive language means, stylistic means, stylistic devices. These terms are sometimes used synonymously, sometimes they invested different content.
Between expressive (expressive) by means of language and stylistic devices of language is difficult to draw a clear distinction, although the differences between them do exist.
Under the expressive means of language we understand such morphological, syntactic and word formation forms of the language, which serve to enhance the emotional or logical speech. These forms of language worked out social practice, understood in terms of their functional purpose and fixed in grammars and dictionaries. Their use gradually returning to normal. Make regulations for the use of such means of expression language.
These two proposals are a kind of syntactic synonyms. The first sentence in comparison with the second does not carry of emphasis, its syntactic structure is characterized by a kind of neutrality; the second sentence is emphatic; it uses the funds provided by the rules of English syntax emphatic highlight in this case adverbial turnover. This is also a logical character emp. Indeed, in English grammar says that for the logical separation of any parts of the sentence, you can use phrases like itis (was) … that (who). This turnover is expressive means of language.
As will be shown below, this expressive means of the language can be used in some stylistic tasks, but it does not mean that the tool itself is a stylistic device.
Likewise, we can say that the existing language are proverbs and sayings are present in the language of the emotional assessment of the facts of objective reality. Their use in the style of rhythmic speech, journalistic style, in the style of scientific prose, and so on. D. Can be considered as the use of expressive means of language.
The selection of expressive means in English is not enough organized, and analysis of these funds is far from over. There are a lot of unknown, since the selection criteria and the analysis has not yet been established. Therefore, among the means of expression of artistic speech is often referred to any kind of elliptical turns without regard to where, in what circumstances and for what purposes they are used. However, as has been shown above (see. Section “Types of speech”), elliptical turns – quite the norm legalized oral speech. Offer type “Whereto?” as the question posed by the other party after the last message “I’mleavingtomorrow”, it is a normal language and not the particular means of expression language. This standard type of oral speech. But as we shall see below elliptical revolution can become stylistic device under certain conditions.
It is known that excited, expressive and painted it is characterized not only fragmented and some illogicality of construction, but the repetition of certain parts of speech. Such repetition of words and the whole combination of emotional, excited speech is the rule. For example:
In these examples, the repetition of words expresses emotional and excited state of the speaker. Most often, in the author’s speech gives an indication of this condition.
Among the various means of emotional language, there are a class of words, which is a characteristic feature of expressivity. This interjection. They are expressed in terms of the concept of appropriate feelings of the speaker, are the expressive means of the language. Their function – emotional emphasis.
All the expressive means of the language (lexical, morphological, syntactic, phonetic) is the object of study as a lexicography, grammar and phonetics and stylistics. The first three sections of the science of language as a means of expression is considered the facts of language, figuring their linguistic nature. Stylistics studies the expressive means in terms of their use in different styles of speech, multifunctional, potential use as a stylistic device.
What is meant by the stylistic device? Before answering this question, we try to identify the characteristic features of the concept. Stylistic devices, primarily allocated and thus opposed to the expressive means of conscious literary treatment of linguistic facts. This conscious literary treatment of the facts of language, including those that we have called the expressive means of the language, has its own history. Even AA Potebnya wrote: “Since the ancient Greeks and Romans, and with few exceptions to the present time, the definition of verbal figures in general (irrespective of the path of the figure) (t. E. What is included in the concept of stylistic devices – I. G.) is not without opposition speeches simple use in their own, of course, the original meaning of the question adorned with a portable “.1
Conscious handling of the facts of language is often perceived as a deviation from the rules of common language to communicate. So Ben writes: “a figure of speech called the evasion of the ordinary way of expressing, in order to strengthen the impression of” 2
In this regard, it is interesting to Vendryes the following statement: “The art style – it’s always a reaction against a common language; to a certain extent – a slang, literary argot, which can have different varieties … ”
A similar thought is expressed by Sainsbury: “The true secret of style is to abuse or neglect of the rules, which are constructed phrases, sentences and paragraphs.”
It goes without saying that the essence of a stylistic device can not be in the event of a commonly used standards, as in this case, really stylistic device would be opposed to the linguistic norm. In fact, the stylistic devices using normal language, but in the process of taking the best use of the characteristics of the norm, it is concentrated, generalize and typify. Consequently, the stylistic device is a generalized, typified reproduction of neutral facts and expressive language in a variety of literary styles of speech. Let us explain this with examples.
There is a stylistic device, known as maxims. The essence of this method lies in the playing characteristics, typical features of popular proverbs, particularly its structural and semantic characteristics. The statement – a sentence rhythm, rhyme, alliteration sometimes; maxim – shaped and epigrammatichna, t. e. concisely expresses any generalized idea. For example:
“… In the days of old
Men made the manners; manners now make men. ”
(G. Byron.) Similarly, the proposal:
No eye at all is better than an evil eye. (Ch. Dickens.)
in form and character suggested reminds proverb. This maxim of Dickens.
Thus, the maxim and proverb are correlated with each other as a general and individual. It is based on the individual general, it takes the most characteristic that is peculiar to this general, and on this basis to create a specific stylistic device.
Stylistic devices, as a generalization, typed thickening objectively existing in the language means, not a naturalistic reproduction of these funds, and the quality of their converts. For example, double indirect discourse (see. Below) as a stylistic device is a generalization and typed characteristics of inner speech. However, this method is qualitatively transform inner speech. The latter, as we know, has no communicative function; double indirect (image) it has this feature.
It is necessary to distinguish between the use of the facts of language (both neutral and expressive) in stylistic purposes and has crystallized a stylistic device. Not all the stylistic use of language means creates a stylistic device. For example, in the above examples of the novel Norris author to create the desired effect, repeating words Ii you. But this repetition, possible in the mouths of the characters of the novel, plays only their emotional state.
In other words, the emotional and excited speech, repetition of words expressing a certain mental state of the speaker is not intended to have any effect. Repeating the same words in the author’s speech is not a consequence of the mental state of the speaker, and aims at a certain stylistic effect. This – the stylistic means of emotional impact on the reader. On the other hand, the use of repetition as a stylistic device should be distinguished from the repetitions which are one of the styling agents.
It is known that oral folk poetry is widely used repetition of words in a variety of purposes: slowing the narrative, giving the song tale character, and others.
Such repetitions of folk poetry are means of expression of a living national language. Styling is a direct reproduction of the facts of folk art, its expressive possibilities. Stylistic same method only indirectly connected with the most typical features of spoken language or oral forms of creativity of the people.
Interestingly, AA Potebnya also distinguishes between the use of folk traditions in the repetition of words and phrases on the one hand, and repeated as a stylistic device, on the other. “How in the national epic – he writes, instead of links and references to the above – a literal repetition of it (which is figurative and poetic); as Gogol – within a period when it is becoming more animated, (then, as the manner of) … “.
It drew the attention of the opposition “animated speech” and “manners.” By “animated speech,” it is clear we must understand the emotional function of language means of expression; under the “manner” – individual use of this stylistic device.
Thus, many of the facts of language may underlie the formation of a stylistic device.
Unfortunately, not all means of language with the expressive function, subjected to scientific scrutiny. Therefore, a number of turns of colloquial speech has not yet been released grammars as normalized form of logical or emotional emphasis.
In connection with this return to the ellipsis. It seems more appropriate ellipsis regarded as a stylistic category. In fact, we have said that we have a dialogue speech is not the omission of any part of the sentence, while his regular absence. In other words, colloquial dialogical speech is not conscious of the literary treatment of the facts of language. But being transferred to a different environment from the oral-spoken type speech in the literary and book, written type of speech, is the absence of any part of the sentence is an act of deliberate and therefore becomes a fact of style. This is not the absence and omission. This method is typed in writing as a means of succinct, emotionally-colored speech.
Elliptical turnover Dreiser used in the author’s speech, which assesses the performances of judges – one of the characters “An American Tragedy” – a stylistic device: “SoJusticeOberwaltzer- solemnlyanddidacticallyfromhishighseattothejury.”
This typifies a stylistic device, enhances features of speech, applying them in another type of speech – writing.
You can give another welcome typing expressive means of the language and the creation of on the basis of typing a stylistic device.
It is known that in the language of certain categories of words, especially qualitative adjectives and qualitative adverbs are in the process of eating to lose its basic, objective-Boolean value and act only in the emotional value of the gain of quality, for example: awfullynice, terriblysorry, dreadfullytiredi t.. In such combinations, the reduction of the inner form of the word, attention is drawn to logically mutually exclusive concepts embodied in the combination of ingredients. It is this trait in a typed form gave rise to a stylistic device, known as an oxymoron. Such combinations as: proudhumility (G. Byron), apleasantlyuglyface (S. Maugham), etc. Are already stylistic devices.
In the analysis of stylistic devices in English, we will, where possible, try to show the relationship with their expressive and neutral means of language, at the same time pointing to the linguistic nature of these techniques and their stylistic features.